Four Functions of Management Essay

1. Explain the relationships among the four functions of management. The four functions of management are planning, organizing, influencing, and controlling. Each can be discussed individually, but as the text says are integrally related. Each play a key role in meeting organizational goals. Planning involves choosing the tasks that are to be performed to meet the organizations goals, this is tied to organization. Because organizing is tied to planning it can be interpreted as used the planned task, and then assigning them to people within the organization to put into action. Next is influencing, as you have made plans, and organized it into task, your influence over the personnel assigned and how they approach the organizations goals is key. How you motivate, lead, or direct them toward the goals is the primary goal. In a sense, influencing is a way you can obtain the fourth and final function, controlling. By measuring the performance of the personnel who have responsibility for the assigned tasks, you can then compare this to expected standards, then either influence them towards more positive gains, plan additional tasks, or steps to achieve, more, or continue to monitor progress towards goals. Each function with separate is integrally related and implements to meal organizational goals. 2. How can controlling help a manager to become more efficient? This ongoing process gives the manager the ability to gather information that measures performance, compare that progress to established standards, and then decide of addition steps or changes need to be made to insure compliance with the established standards. This process of continued process improvement, and supervising the results is paramount to achieving goals. 3. What is the value in having managers at the career exploration stage within an organization? Why? The decline stage? Why? Managers in the career exploration stage, are in a growth or upward trend in their careers, they are active in the tasks of finding that position that suits them and meets a certain comfort level, these managers are in a learning stage, willing to take on new challenges, and try new things. They are highly motivated, and working towards established goals. The decline stage is usually identified as a follow on to a maintenance phase, where no upward growth has occurred, and or the employee/manager has begun to stagnant in their position. These older, longer serving employees, have a wealth of experience, but are failing to meet the originally Scott D. Oram  and expected performance standard. They can be used to train new levels of management, and finding those members of the next generation who are going to become the next set of exploration-minded individuals. 4. Discuss your personal philosophy for promoting the careers of women managers within an organization. Why do you hold this philosophy? Explain any challenges that you foresee in implementing this philosophy within a modern organization. How will you overcome these challenges? 5. How will you be able to use the classical approach to management in your job as a manager? 6. How does Henri Fayol’s contribution to management differ from the contributions of Frank and Lillian Gilbreth? 7. Discuss the primary limitation of the classical approach to management. Would this approach be more significant to manager of today than managers would in the more distant past? Explain. 8. What is the ‘systems approach’ to management? How do the concepts of closed and open systems relate to this approach?

Nurse shoratges Essay

Conferences Webinars Popular Topics Media Relations Career Link Contact Sitemap Top of Form SEARCH AACN Bottom of Form About AACN Mission and Values Strategic Plan Staff Directory Department Directory Bylaws Committees & Task Force Board of Directors Member Schools Affiliated Sites Leading Initiatives Education Resources Publications Research and Data Academic-practice Partnerships Joining Forces Clinical Nurse Leader Doctor of Nursing Practice Public Health Nursing Diversity in Nursing NursingCAS CCNE Accreditation About CCNE Find Accredited Programs Find New Applicant Programs Board Actions & Current Reviews Standards, Procedures, & Resources New Applicant Process On-site Evaluators CCNE webinars Government Affairs About Government Affairs AACN Grassroots Federal Policy Agenda Appropriations Advocacy APRN Advocacy State Advocacy Supported Legislation Policy Briefs Resources Funding Opportunities Archives Membership Members Only How to Join Member Benefits Leadership Development Leadership Networks Leadership Opportunities New Dean Mentoring Program Awards Mailing List Rental Nursing Program Search Faculty Faculty Link Faculty Tool Kits Faculty Webinars Curriculum Guidelines Leadership for Academic Nursing Education Scholar ELNEC Geriatric Nursing Students Your Nursing Career Graduate Nursing Student Academy Scholarships Financial Aid Accelerated Nursing Programs Career Resource Center Home / Media Relations / Nursing Shortage Resources / Impact of the Nursing Shortage on Patient Care News Releases Spokesperson Bios AACN News Watch Position Statements White Papers Fact Sheets Talking Points Nursing Shortage Resources About the Nursing Shortage Impact of the Nursing Shortage on Patient Care Strategies to Resolve the Shortage Legislation to Address the Shortage Snapshot of Today’s Nursing Workforce Report Archives State Work Force Reports Newsletter Subscriptions More Sharing ServicesShare I Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on email Share on print Recent Reports Hospital Nurse Practice Environments and Outcomes for Surgical Oncology Patients In an article published in Health Services Research in August 2008, Dr. Christopher Friese and colleagues found that nursing education level was significantly associated with patient outcomes. Nurses prepared at the baccalaureate-level were linked with lower mortality and failure-to-rescue rates. The authors conclude that â€Å"moving to a nurse workforce in which a higher proportion of staff nurses have at least a baccalaureate-level education would result in substantially fewer adverse outcomes for patients. † Effects of Hospital Care Environment on Patient Mortality and Nurse Outcomes In a study published May 2008 in the Journal of Nursing Administration, (see below) which show a strong link between RN education level and patient outcomes. Titled â€Å"Effects of Hospital Care Environment on Patient Mortality and Nurse Outcomes,† these leading nurse researchers found that every 10% increase in he proportion of BSN nurses on the hospital staff was associated with a 4% decrease in the risk of death. Impact of Hospital Nursing Care on 30-day Mortality for Acute Medical Patients In the January 2007 issue of the Journal of Advanced Nursing, a new study validates the findings of Dr. Linda Aiken and others that baccalaureate- prepared nurses have a positive impact on lowering mortality rates. A research team led by Dr. Ann E. Tourangeau from the University of Toronto and the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences in Ontario, Canada, studied 46,993 patients admitted to ospital with heart attacks, stroke, pneumonia and blood poisoning. The authors found that: â€Å"Hospitals with higher proportions of baccalaureate-prepared nurses tended to have lower 30-day mortality rates. Our findings indicated that a 10% increase in the proportion of baccalaureate prepared nurses was associated with 9 fewer deaths for every 1,000 discharged patients. Is the Shortage of Hospital Registered Nurses Getting Better of Worse? In the March-April 2005 issue of Nursing Economics, Dr. Peter Buerhaus and colleagues found that more than 75% of RNs believe the nursing shortage presents a major problem for the quality of their work ife, the quality of patient care, and the amount of time nurses can spend with patients. Looking forward, almost all surveyed nurses see the shortage in the future as a catalyst for increasing stress on nurses (98%), lowering patient care quality (93%) and causing nurses to leave the profession (93%). National Survey on Consumers’ Experiences with Patient Safety and Quality Information In November 2004, results from this national survey found that 40% of Americans think the quality of health care has worsened in the last five years. Consumers reported that the most mportant issues affecting medical error rates are workload, stress or fatigue among health professionals (74%); too little time spent with patients (70%); and too few nurses (69%). This survey was sponsored by the Kaiser Family Foundation, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the Harvard School of Public Health. Research in Action: Hospital Nurse Staffing and Availability of Care In March 2004, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) issued a synthesis of nursing research studies that details the impact that staffing levels, staff mix, and education levels have on patient outcomes. The report cites studies showing that hospitals with lower nurse staffing levels and fewer registered nurses compared with licensed practical nurses or nurses’ aides tend to have higher rates of poor patient outcomes. Keeping Patients Safe: Transforming the Work Environment Publishing in November 2003, this Institute of Medicine calls for substantial changes in the work environment of nurses in order to protect patients, including changes in how nurse staffing levels are established and mandatory limits on nurses’ work hours. Despite the growing body of evidence that better nurse staff levels result in afer patient care, nurses in some health care facilities may be overburdened with up to 12 patients to care for per shift. Long work hours pose one of the most serious threats to patient safety, because fatigue slows reaction time, diminishes attention to detail, and contributes to errors. Educational Levels of Hospital Nurses and Surgical prepared at the baccalaureate and higher degree level is endangering patients. In an article in the September 24, 2003 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association, Dr. Linda Aiken and her colleagues at the University of Pennsylvania ound that patients experience significantly lower mortality and failure to rescue rates in hospitals where more baccalaureate-prepared nurses provide direct patient care. At least 1,700 preventable deaths could have been realized in Pennsylvania hospitals alone if baccalaureate-prepared nurses had comprised 60% of the nursing staff and the nurse-to-patient ratios had been set at 1 to 4. Unfortunately, only of PA hospitals have more than 50% of the nursing staff prepared at the baccalaureate level. Views of Practicing Physicians and the Public on Medical Errors A survey eported in the December 12, 2002 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine found that 53% of physicians and 65% of the public cited the shortage of nurses as a leading cause of medical errors. Overall, 42% of the public and more than a third of U. S. doctors reported that they or their family members have experienced medical errors in the course of receiving medical care. The survey was conducted by the Harvard School of Public Health and the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Hospital Nurse Staffing and Patient Mortality, Nurse Burnout and Job Dissatisfaction According o a study published in the October 23/30, 2002 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association, more nurses at the bedside could save thousands of patient lives each year. Nurse researchers at the University of Pennsylvania determined that patients who have common surgeries in hospitals with low nurse-to-patient ratios have an up to 31% increased chance of dying. Funded by the National Institute for Nursing Research, the study found that every additional patient in an average hospital nurse’s workload increased the risk of death in surgical patients by 7%. Having too few nurses may actually cost more money given the high costs of replacing burnt-out nurses and caring for patients with poor outcomes.

Practice Final Exam Eng-092

Practice Final Exam Eng-092 Part 1: In this section of the final exam, you will be asked questions about Active Reading Strategies. You will need to know the definitions of each one in order to answer the questions on the final exam. As a way of preparing, test your knowledge of each strategy by defining or describing each one in the space below. Prediction – making educated guesses; guessing about thoughts, events, outcomes, and conclusions. Predictions are confirmed or denied, and the reader makes new predictions.Questioning/Wondering – ask questions based on material in the text. Read with an eye toward finding answers to questions. Summarizing – putting a text’s main ideas and main supporting points into one’s own words. Visualizing – words and ideas on the page trigger mental images that relate directly or indirectly to the material. Making Connections – relate existing knowledge to new information in the text Part 2: Read the fol lowing passage in the left column. In the Think-Aloud section in the right column, read the thoughts of someone who has already read this passage.Next, in each blank, identify the reading strategy this reader activated while reading the passage, â€Å"Chicago and Cleveland. † Chicago and Cleveland (1) Chicago, at the southern tip of Lake Michigan, is a port city. (2) It is also an important commercial (3) and industrial center of the Midwest. It is well known for its educational, cultural, and recreational centers. Chicago draws thousands to its concert halls, art museums, and sports arenas. (4) Cleveland, on the south shore of Lake Erie, is also a port city and a commercial and industrial center important to its area (5). Feature Article Fin 486 Final ExamLike Chicago, it has several important educational, cultural, and recreational centers. It has colleges and universities, and a distinguished (6) symphony orchestra. It has one of the finest art museums of the world, and many recreational centers. The location of the two cities contributed to their growth, but this similarity is not enough to explain the wide social diversity(7) (8). [Adapted from Smith, Breaking Through, 7th edition, p. 191] Think-Aloud (1) As I read the title, I ask myself if it’s a passage about how Chicago and Cleveland are alike. – PREDICTION 2) I can imagine ships docking at the ports. – VISUALIZING (3) Does â€Å"commercial† mean â€Å"business†? – QUESTIONING/WONDERING (4) I have been to many of the concert halls, museums, and sports arenas in Chicago. – MAKING CONNECTIONS (5) It seems like the author is going to compare Chicago and Cleveland. – PREDICTION (6) What does the word â€Å"distinguished† mean? – QUESTIONING/WONDERING (1) I’m confused by the words â€Å"social diversity. † I reread the sentence, and realize the author is not just comparing the locations, but the social opportunities in both cities. – QUESTIONING/WONDERING (2) 3) This passage explains how these two cities have so much in common. It’s not only their locations that make them alike, it’s also their social diversity. – SUMMARIZING (4) Part 3: In this section, while reading the following passage, record the reading strategies you apply in order to construct meaning in the Think-Aloud column. Identify and explain each of the strategies you apply and indicate the number of the paragraph in which you apply each strategy. Write notes in the margin and underline parts of the text as you read, to help show your strategies. Beauty and the BeefWhen was the last time you opened a carton in a fast food restaurant and found a hambur ger as appetizing as the ones in the TV commercials? On television the burger is a magnificent piece of flame-broiled beef. It is topped with crisp lettuce, bright and delicious red tomatoes, tangy onions, and plump pickles. All of this is between two halves of a gigantic sesame seed bun. But of course, the real-life Whoppers can’t compare to what you see on TV. (Par. 1) When making a Burger King commercial, an advertising agency spends at least one full day filming the food.A food stylist prepares the frozen beef patties for the camera. The filming crew first spends two hours setting up lights that will flatter the burger. The stylist begins burning â€Å"flame broiling stripes† into the hamburger patties by using a special branding iron. The stylist then paints the stripes with a dark steak sauce. Next, the stylist sprinkles salt on the burger so that when it passes over the flames, natural juices will rise to the meat’s surface. (Par. 2) Once branded, retouch ed, and juiced, the director films the burgers from different angles as they move along a conveyor-belt broiler.When the meat is broiled, blood rises to the surface in small pools. The stylist dabs at the bubbling blood with a Q-tip so that is doesn’t look undesirable to TV viewers. (Par. 3) Before the patty passes over the flame a second time, the stylist maneuvers a small electric heater about an inch above the burger. This heats up the natural fatty juices until they begin to steam and sizzle. Otherwise, puddles of grease will cover the meat. (Par. 4) Think-Aloud (page one) (Par. 1) PREDICTION (Par. 2) VISUALIZING (Par. 3) QUESTIONING/WONDERING (Par. 4) MAKING CONNECTIONSIf you look at a real Whopper closely, you’ll discover that the flame-broiling stripes are only on the top side of the beef patty. Hamburgers are sent through the flame-broiler once and never flipped over. But on television commercials, the beef patty is fetchingly covered with flame-broiled stripes . (Par. 5) The camera crew has five or ten seconds to capture a good, sizzling, beef patty on film. After that, the hamburger starts to shrink quickly. Out of one day’s work, an agency hopes to get five seconds of film footage. Most of the time the patties are too raw, bloody, greasy, or small. (Par. ) In the final shot of the filming, the stylist has carefully nudged and manicured the ingredients so that they sit just right on the top of the burger. The lettuce and juicy red tomatoes are cut, trimmed, and then piled on top of a cold, cooked hamburger patty. It is then sprayed with a mist of glycerin to make it glisten. Finally, the hamburger is topped with a sesame-seed bun. The stylist positions each seed on the bun. He dips a toothpick in glue and, with a tweezers, places about 300 seeds, one by one, onto a bun. When it’s over, the crew packs up the equipment, and seventy-five hamburgers are dumped in the garbage. Par. 7) [Adapted from Smith, The Lifelong Reader, 20 04, pp. 163-165] Think-Aloud (page two) (Par. 5) MAKING CONNECTIONS (Par. 6) VISUALIZING (Par. 7) SUMMARIZING Part 4: Thesis Statement and Main Idea. Reread the passage on Beauty and the Beef. This time, however, you will first identify the stated or unstated main idea of each paragraph. Second, state the thesis statement of the passage. Beauty and the Beef When was the last time you opened a carton in a fast food restaurant and found a hamburger as appetizing as the ones in the TV commercials?On television the burger is a magnificent piece of flame-broiled beef. It is topped with crisp lettuce, bright and delicious red tomatoes, tangy onions, and plump pickles. All of this is between two halves of a gigantic sesame seed bun. But of course, the real-life Whoppers can’t compare to what you see on TV. (Par. 1) When making a Burger King commercial, an advertising agency spends at least one full day filming the food. A food stylist prepares the frozen beef patties for the camera. The filming crew first spends two hours setting up lights that will flatter the burger.The stylist begins burning â€Å"flame broiling stripes† into the hamburger patties by using a special branding iron. The stylist then paints the stripes with a dark steak sauce. Next, the stylist sprinkles salt on the burger so that when it passes over the flames, natural juices will rise to the meat’s surface. (Par. 2) Once branded, retouched, and juiced, the director films the patties from different angles as they move along a conveyor-belt broiler. When the meat is broiled, blood rises to the surface in small pools. The stylist dabs at the bubbling blood with a Q-tip so that is doesn’t look undesirable. Par. 3) Before the patty passes over the flame a second time, the stylist maneuvers a small electric heater about an inch above the burger. This heats up the natural fatty juices until they begin to steam and sizzle. Otherwise, puddles of grease will cover the meat. (Par. 4) If you look at a real Whopper closely, you’ll discover that the flame-broiling stripes are only on the top side of the beef patty. Hamburgers are sent through the flame-broiler once and never flipped over. But on television commercials, the beef patty is fetchingly covered with flame-broiled stripes. Par. 5) The camera crew has five or ten seconds to capture a good, sizzling, beef patty on film. After that, the hamburger starts to shrink quickly. Out of one day’s work, an agency hopes to get five seconds of film footage. Most of the time the patties are too raw, bloody, greasy, or small. (Par. 6) In the final shot of the filming, the stylist has carefully nudged and manicured the ingredients so that they sit just right on the top of the burger. The lettuce and juicy red tomatoes are cut, trimmed, and then piled on top of a cold, cooked hamburger patty.It is then sprayed with a mist of glycerin to make it glisten. Finally, the hamburger is topped with a sesame-seed b un. The stylist positions each seed on the bun. He dips a toothpick in glue and, with a tweezers, places about 300 seeds, one by one, onto a bun. When it’s over, the crew packs up the equipment, and about seventy-five hamburgers are dumped in the garbage. (Par. 7) [Adapted from Smith, The Lifelong Reader, 2004, pp. 163-165] A. Identify the main idea of each paragraph. (Par. 1) There is a difference between what we see in TV commercials and reality when it comes to fast food. Par. 2) â€Å"When making a Burger King commercial, an advertising agency spends at least one full day filming the food. † (Par. 3) Great effort is made during filming to remove anything that the TV viewer would find unappetizing. (Par. 4) Great effort is made during filming to ensure that the food’s worst characteristic—fat—is removed from the commercial. (Par. 5) The biggest difference between TV and reality is that the real burgers have grill marks on only one side because r eal burgers are never flipped, while the commercial shows the burger being flipped over an open flame. Par. 6) The agency hopes to get five seconds of footage, but most of the time, the burgers show their true nature: they’re too raw, bloody, greasy, or small. (Par. 7) While huge efforts are made to make the burger look as delicious as possible, at the end of the day, a massive amount of food waste is the main result of making a TV commercial. B. State the thesis of this passage. TV commercials for fast food use hours of studio time, specialized techniques, and nearly one hundred real burgers to create an unrealistically ppetizing image of a fatty, greasy product: it’s all about appearances, while reality is ugly and filming is wasteful. Part 5: Answer the following comprehension and vocabulary questions by circling a, b, c, or d. 1. The author explains that most of the work on the burgers being filmed in the commercials is done by a a. professionally trained food styl ist. b. chef. c. make-up artist. d. special-effects person. 2. The author explains that, while salting the patties encourages natural juices to rise to the meat’s surface, it also a. makes the burgers inedible. b. darkens the meat. c. auses blood to rise to the surface in small pools. d. dries out the meat. 3. The author’s point of view seems to be that a. advertising is an exciting field, requiring the work of many specialists and experts. b. the making of a fast-food commercial is expensive, wasteful, and not particularly honest. c. Burger King’s ads are works of genius. d. people should not eat hamburgers, no matter how good they look on TV. 4. The author explains that the hamburger in the final shot looks so perfect for all of the following reasons except a. the ingredients are put onto the front part of the burger. . the food stylist has carefully glued each sesame seed on the bun. c. burger is sprayed with glycerine. d. the burger is actually made with 50% more beef. 5. Hundreds of beef patties are wasted during the filming of a commercial. a. True b. False c. Can’t tell from the information given in the passage. 6. â€Å"and found a hamburger as appetizing† (Par. 1) In this sentence, appetizing means a. tempting b. nutritious c. large d. shiny 7. â€Å"Thus branded, retouched, and juiced† (Par. 3) In this sentence, retouched means a. dabbed b. made-up or improved c. cooked d. andled 8. â€Å"the food stylist maneuvers a small electric heater† (Par. 4) In this sentence, maneuvers means a. encounters b. designs c. purchases d. moves into place 9. â€Å"fetchingly covered with flame-broiled strips† (Par. 5) In this sentence, fetchingly means a. completely b. attractively c. visibly d. carefully 10. â€Å"carefully nudged and manicured the ingredients† (Par. 7) In this sentence, manicured means a. handled b. repaired c. painted with polish d. carefully trimmed Part 6: Answer the following multip le choice questions by circling a, b, or c. 1. â€Å"Who’s† is a. ossessive case of root word, showing that third person owns or possesses something b. contraction of root word and â€Å"is† c. possessive pronoun, meaning that second person owns or possesses something 2. â€Å"Wear† is a. past tense of â€Å"are† b. in what place? c. to have on one’s body 3. â€Å"Their† is a. contraction of root word and â€Å"are† b. possessive pronoun, meaning that a third person owns or possesses something c. location 4. â€Å"Cite† is a. sense of vision b. a place or location c. to credit a source 5. â€Å"Since† is a. because b. money or change c. to feel, hear, taste, see, or smell somethingPart 7: Write a thesis statement, including your main supporting points, for the following topics: (Answer Key Note: Student should write an argumentative thesis statement that, crucially, includes several supporting points explaining hi s/her stance. ) 1. The United States should/should not place a â€Å"fat tax† on foods that have a low nutrition-to-calorie ratio. The United States should place a â€Å"fat tax† on foods that have a low nutrition-to-calorie ratio because people who eat those foods often are at a greater risk for terminal diseases, so paying more for the food might help them to make better choices for their health. 2.Physician-assisted suicide should/should not be an option for terminally ill people. Physician-assisted suicide should be an option for terminally ill people because our prohibition on end-of-life choice is based on religious superstition and denies free, conscious adults a basic right to dictate how they live their lives until the end of life. 3. Every country in the world should/should not enforce a two-child limit on parents. Every country in the world should enforce a two-child limit on parents because the human population is growing out of control and humans are destr oying the environment for all other creatures—and ourselves.Part 8: Read the following sentences and decide how you can order them in order to create a strong organization for a paragraph. 1. To illustrate, a French male is likely to stand closer to you than a British male, even if they had equally positive attitudes toward you. 2. A set of useful guidelines has been developed for estimating how close to stand to another person (at least in many cultures). 3. Cultural differences must be kept in mind in interpreting nonverbal cues. Answere: 3, 2, 1

The Giver by Lois Lowry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Giver by Lois Lowry - Essay Example This new gift of music is a representation of hope and rebirth. Jonas will finally be able to experience the actual world and not purely memories. The music also greets him to a different society. The source of the singing Jonas hears is as vague as the novel’s end itself. It could possibly be the music that the town he used to live in learns to create. The music might perhaps simply be an echo of the music in the town, reminding Jonas that his community maybe learning the joy of music the same time he is. The music he hears could also be only figments of his imagination, encroaching as he is dying in the cold. I chose this quote because it shows that Jonas has finally accomplished his ultimate goal for the community, to be able to let them experience affection and solitude, both free will and choice, finally wakening his whole community to the promises of life. The end of the novel is unquestionably hopeful and that is why I like this quote. The whole novel, all throughout, was generally depicting struggle and the writhe to change the way his community was living. This quote finally signified the value and meaning of what he went through and sacrificed for

Memo about a recent job interview you had in nursing Assignment

Memo about a recent job interview you had in nursing - Assignment Example Occasional travel may be required for training purposes. According to Gurak and Lannon (2013), â€Å"Always create a dynamic tone with active voice.† The job required people with prior experience in nursing. It also recommended education; people with proper education are much appreciated by the Department of Health and Human Services. According to the job description the candidate has to perform several duties. Some of those duties include assessing patient care need, adjusting the staff appointments accordingly, and assessing the opportunities of improvement. It also requires the candidate/applicant to serve on committee as well as review and revise nursing policies. An applicant must also be ready to participate in problem solving, developing plans for the care of patients, and to formulate nursing intervention based on their identification of the diagnosis. A candidate is also obliged to consult with healthcare professional on patients to coordinate the diagnosis, to promote harmonious environment, and to initiate treatments and medications based on appropriate utilization of standing orders. Additionally, the candidate must b e able to operate specialized equipment and maintain professional knowledge through updating himself or herself by continuing learning. A candidate must also be able to perform other related duties related to the nursing profession. In other words, the candidate applying for this job must be ready to work industriously with other people. He or she must also be ready to continue learning so as to gather new technological

Law of Contract (case study) Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Law of Contract ( ) - Case Study Example ess was examined in the Heron II. This casenote explains the judgments in the Heron II, paying particular attention to the division of opinion among the Law Lords in relations to the degree of probability required in the test of remoteness. The second limb of Hadley requires the court to consider the degree of probability necessary to attract liability. Indeed, the degree of probability was considered in the Heron II and it was on this point (i.e., the degree of likelihood of an event which had to be contemplated by the parties at the time of contract) that the Law Lords' opinion differ.8 Lord Reid argued that although the shipowner was not aware that the charterer wanted to sell the sugar promptly on arrival, he knew that there was a sugar market at Basrah. Thus, if he had thought about the matter, he must have realised that it was not unlikely that the charterer wanted to sell the sugar. ... He must have also known that in an ordinary market the price of sugar fluctuates daily, meaning that if the cargo arrived late, it would affect the price which the charterer could obtain for his goods. Therefore, the question for decision was whether a plaintiff could obtain damages for loss of a kind, which the defendant ought to have known was not unlikely to result from a breach of contract.9 To answer this question, Lord Reid went through the reasoning of Alderson B's in Hadley. He interpreted Alderson B's judgment to draw a distinction between results of a breach which were likely because they would happen in the great majority of cases, and results which were unlikely because they would only happen in a small minority of cases. A defendant would be liable in the former case since the result should reasonably be regarded as having been in the contemplation of the parties.10 Applying Alderson B's distinction, he decided that a party in breach was liable for any loss arising from a result which was contemplated as "not unlikely".11 Applying the first limb of Hadley, Lord Morris considered if the loss suffered by the charterers could reasonably be said to arise naturally from the appellant's breach. He found that although the appellant did not know of the charterers' precise plan, the appellant had instruction "to proceed at all convenient speed to its destination".12 Hence, at the very least, the appellant should have contemplated that if the vessel was late, the charterers might suffer some financial loss.13 In other words, the appellant need not know that a loss to the charterers was certain or inevitable to be liable. He need only know of a possibility of loss.14 Lord Hodson also probed into the meaning of

Companies have always found it hard to balance pressing operational Essay

Companies have always found it hard to balance pressing operational concerns with long-term strategic priorities,DISCUSS - Essay Example This may be due to various reasons and mangers are often at the cross roads. Assigning priorities and making decisions becomes a challenge for the business managers when they have to decide what are the sacrifices that have to be made to get along in business. Hence, this essay focuses on the analysis of what causes the companies to compromise on their strategic plans. When a company formulates the strategy, first an internal and external environmental analysis has to be carried out. When we are planning for the future first the organization should have awareness about the internal and external environmental factors that can impact the organization. â€Å"When the environment audit is undertaken, the objective is to develop a finite list of opportunities, threats, strengths and weaknesses. Here the word finite list is emphasized because the job of the manager is t not make an exhaustive list of all the factors that may affect the organization. But focus should be on key environmental variables that could influence business†1. The importance of the environmental analysis is mostly realized by organizations but the depth of the analysis is often compromised. For example in Toyota corporation, there is a management concept â€Å"to go to the roots†. The meaning of this concept is that, when we are collecting information for analysis, th e information should be collected from the source or in other words from the origin. When an external environmental analysis is done with information collected from the sources and decisions are made based on such in-depth data, the applicability and durability of strategic plans are considerably increased. The information from the external environment should be used to tune up the internal environment to meet the challenges and make good of the opportunities. When an organization needs to possess a competitive advantage its focus should be internalized rather externalized. The ability of a business concern to focus on its

Murder of Westerman as a Catalyst of the American Civil War Cruelty Coursework

Murder of Westerman as a Catalyst of the American Civil War Cruelty - Coursework Example The alliance of Southern slave states was named as the Confederate States of America, and this alliance was a result of secession of slave states from the Northern American States. There are many books that have narrated the brutal and significant events of Civil War; however, Tony Horwitz’s book Confederates in the Attic: Dispatches from the Unfinished Civil War is a considerably appropriate and successful book in which Horwitz has narrated the events in contemporary and personal context. In describing the Civil War Horwitz wrote that, â€Å"Historians are fond of saying that the Civil War occurred in 10,00 places. Poke a pin in a map of the South and you're likely to prod lose some battle or skirmish or another tuft of Civil War history† (Horwitz 18). The storytelling acquired by the author illuminates the criticality and impact of the Civil War in contemporary American Society (3-27).In the Civil War, the murder of Michael Westerman who was a supporter of confederate s is considered as one of the most significant events which had intensified the Civil War. This paper will discuss the event of the assassination of Westerman, and it will also explicate the happenings in response to this murder. It is also aimed to describe the social and emotional reasons for the murder of Westerman along with reasons which intensified the war after the murder of Westerman in the light of Horwitz narration in his book Confederates in the Attic: Dispatches from the Unfinished Civil War.Michael Westerman was during a journey with his wife Hannah just after she gave birth to twin children. Westerman was driving a red pickup truck on which a confederation flag was mounted. He was in Todd County which is a county located in Kentucky. Kentucky was not declaredly a part of Confederation States of America; however, there were many significant similarities present in the conduct of Kentucky with the ideals of Confederation States. Westerman stopped at a gas station for ref illing the fuel in his vehicle. At the gas station, there was a group of black teenager who noticed the Westerman’s vehicle with a confederation flag mounted on it which the group of black American teenagers considered as an offense (89-91). The Confederation flag was considered offensive because of the ideology of racial inequality that the Confederation States followed. Westerman was followed by the group of black teenagers who harassed him on the road several times. Westerman increased the speed of his vehicle to escape the encounter with the group of teenagers. Westerman did not know that he was being chased by another car driven by black teenagers. As soon as the car came near to Westerman's car, a teenager shot a bullet on his car. The gunshot targeted Westerman, and he was murdered in the middle of the road in Kentucky (90-93). Horwitz metaphorically displays the intensity and brutality of civil war along with his interest in it by stating, â€Å"The War’s actu al landscape was lush with color and beauty† (15).

Managing Diversity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managing Diversity - Assignment Example Successful organisations take pride in implementing diversity at work places and they devote some resources as well for taking care of this challenge. The changing demographics of UK further compound this challenge. There are a large number of ethnic minorities in UK, and a recent study projects that, by 2020 half of UK's population will be over-50, and a third of those between 50 and retirement age will be classified as disabled. Government of UK has also realized the need for paying more attention towards the diversity in the society and managing it. The 'Commission for Equality and Human Rights (CEHR)' has been set up by the Equality Act 2006, which emphasizes2 that 'Equality, diversity, and respect for the human rights and dignity of every man, woman and child are core values that define our lives in Britain.' The vision for the CEHR is based on the Government's view that equality is not a minority concern - it matters to every citizen. The commission will be fully functional by October 2007. While the spirit behind this act has got an overwhelming support from HR practitioners, apprehensions3 are also expressed by many speakers during a conference on race, held in London in November 2006. while HR professionals are taking a sigh of relief that the legislative mess of dealing with 35 Acts, 52 statutory instruments and 13 codes of practice on equality issues will be over with the implementation of CEHR, there are other speakers during this conference, who believe that racial concerns will slip down the agenda once they become just one part of the body's work, as it gears up to fight discrimination on seven fronts. A survey4 of 112 HR practitioners by Personnel Today's sister publication IRS Employment Review, shows that respondents hope the CEHR will make things simpler. It is worthwhile here to note that implementation of any law in letter and spirit depends on the intentions of the organisation and how seriously it values the corporate social responsibility. Therefore CEHR will have more of a guiding and nudging role in carrying out the tasks. In fact the survey findings also point out that 81% respondents would be happy if the commission just issued advice on good practice and tools for employers, rather than carry out investigations (40%) and legal enforcement (31%). Diversity Strategy and Organisational Effectiveness The global economy has made it almost mandatory for international corporations that an effective strategy is adopted for managing the diversity. Companies are moving towards flatter organizational structures, and the global economy is allowing the movement of the workforce across national boundaries, effective interaction amongst diverse workers becomes more critical for the smooth organizational functioning. In fact now that debate has started whether the concept of 'managing diversity; forms an alternative to 'equal opportunities' based on gender bias. In the UK, human resource practitioners and academics alike are becoming more aware of the emergence of managing diversity. There is now a view that, after twenty years of the '

Benchmarking Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Benchmarking Model - Essay Example , systematic process of evaluating companies recognized as industry leaders, to determine business and work processes that represent ‘best practices’ and establish rational performance goals† (Zairi, 1998: 13-14). The core principle of benchmarking is measurement and comparison involving the best practices, which helps significantly improve the existing practices and performance. It should be noted that the so-called â€Å"best practices† have different levels and in reality the most preferable type of the ‘reference point’ or ‘benchmark’ may not even exist either due to limited technological levels, scarce resources and/or time, etc. Consequently, the best available practices are used as reference points in this case, which helps set feasible performance goals in the environment by incorporating realistic practices into operations. Jarrar & Zairi (2001) performed a large survey of 227 organizations in 32 countries in order to understand and assess the major tendencies and future directions of benchmarking. The survey results demonstrated that the practice of benchmarking was gaining prominence worldwide and across various industries, from manufacturing education. Also, Jarrar & Zairi (2001) listed several benefits of using benchmarking, namely: improving quality; increasing speed of service; improving processes; understanding customer requirements; setting internal standards; influencing strategic decision- making process; managing resources more effectively; deploying resources; and improving personnel management and changing leadership style within the organization. However, these benefits are available only to those whom are aware about the specifics of benchmarking process, and particularly such essential aspect as various types of benchmarking. There are four major types of benchmarking identified in the literature: benchmarking against internal operations (Internal Benchmarking); benchmarking against external direct product competitors

'Restoring Communities and Young Offenders A Critical Evaluation of Essay

'Restoring Communities and Young Offenders A Critical Evaluation of Restorative Justice' - Essay Example Unfortunately, over the last 10 years the number of crimes committed by young people has much increased and there is an urgent need to review and reform the existing restorative practices in order to prevent further crime growth. The concluding section outlines the key points of restorative justice reform. Restorative justice has started to evolve based on the need for healing relationship as opposed to the criminal justice under which the hurt is balanced to hurt (Braithwaite, 157). The aim of the restorative justice is to create the process when all of the parties have the opportunity to be heard with respect to their views of the crime and development of the program to restore victims, offenders and the communities. According to Andrew Ashworth, restorative justice is the process when victims and offenders collectively decide on how to deal with the consequences of the crime and its impact on the future (164). Restorative justice has the aim of fully attending the needs of the victims, not only material and financial, but as well as emotional and social and preventing the possibility of potential re-offending through the integration of young offenders into the community again. Through restorative justice offenders learn how to assume the responsibility for their actions and become the part of the working community. Therefore, victims and offenders are the two major parties of attention. The society tends to reject criminals and it is completely understood – nobody wants to risk and guess whether he/she can become the next victim. For this reason people do not want to associate with those who have problems with the law. Victims are not always willing to share their emotions because of fear to be misunderstood and rejected by the society. Both parties feel being idle in society and restorative justice helps both offenders and victims to become active community members

Culture Assessment Essay Example for Free

Culture Assessment Essay A widely accepted definition of organizational culture is it is the shared meanings, artifacts, values, beliefs, norms, and assumptions that dictate how an organization works and its existence (Cameron Quinn, 2006). Organization culture is shaped by more than one element; say individuals’ life experiences, background, education levels and so fourth. Undoubtedly, leadership also plays a critical role in defining what culture prevails in the organization and their actions have a major influence on how the rest of the organization follows suit. (Robbins et al, 2000) Additionally organization culture defines the strategies that a firm uses in handling things like competition, growth, resource management and the like. (Goffee Jones, 1996) A good assessment of the cultural orientation of a firm makes it likelier to promote interorganisational network and also implement changes that encourage member participation and productivity. The key indicators of organizational culture include organization structure, power and managerial styles, ways in which members of the organization interact and do their jobs among others. This paper takes a look at FedEx Corporation and gives a summary of the type of organization culture at FedEx, its benefits, hindrances as well as the recommendations of the company. Company overview FedEx Corporation is a large company headquartered in the US that deals in printing, courier services and logistics as well as cargo airline services. This company has been named one of the top 10 most admirable companies by Fortune magazine two years in a row. Since its founding in 1971 it has grown from humble beginnings a leader in air courier industry. Its brands include the FedEx home delivery, FedEx smart post and FedEx freight east and west, FedEx services among others. Its chief competitors are DHL, TNT, UPS, BAX Global and USPS. The company employs over 250,000 workers and has a net income of approximately 1. 8 billion dollars in 2006. Culture assessment The organization culture at FedEx blends various kinds of organization culture but perhaps the most predominant culture is flexibility discretion and dynamism. This has been its major strategy of staying ahead. To support this, FedEx takes pride in their ability to adapt to change so as to enhance effectiveness and competitiveness. (Cameron Quinn, 2006, p. 34) This it achieves by combining innovation, knowledge sharing, high experience and team work in its key strategies to attaining competitive advantage. A good illustration of FedEx external focus is evident in the numerous deliveries of relief supplies that FedEx made to hurricane Katrina victims for free in 2005, earning it more customers and goodwill. Adhocracy orientation at FedEx is fostered at top level management down to the junior staff. The CEO of FedEx encourages employees to be trend setters and nonconformist and dare to take calculated risk. The management encourages employees to be all ears on current events and look for opportunities. The guiding philosophy is that an innovation failed is better than a thousand years lost in risk averse dealings. Innovation at FedEx is held with high regard and employees are rewarded handsomely for developing fresh ideas. The management supports viable projects from employees financially or otherwise. This is one reason why FedEx distinguishes itself as an evergreen company in the air courier industry. This culture is underscored when creative attempts that fail are rewarded as well as the successful innovations. The familiar slogan ‘absolutely, positively gets it there overnight’ is made real by the culture ingrained in the employees towards importance of customer service, efficiency at work, speed and accurate scheduling. This culture leverages FedEx for competitive advantage. Basically, the FedEx corporate culture emphasizes urgency, speed and teamwork, exceeding customers’ expectations, initiative, flexibility and active listening (O’Reilly, Tushman Michael, 1997) Aside from the flexible nature at FedEx, it also adopts an outwardly and sensitive approach to the environment that it operates. Competitiveness fosters the company to always look for opportunities to expand and grow. While the opposite of this culture is to foster integration and unity within the organization as well as knowledge some elements of this culture are also present at FedEx. This is because FedEx emphasizes high skills among employees. Employees at FedEx are highly learned individuals as the company only picks the best of the best. Working ones way up the corporate ladder requires that ones knowledge base also increases. In addition, the internal focus of FedEx organizational culture provides an appropriate environment that enables employees to grow and exercise their skills as seen in the various training and task assignments delegated to employees. In order for knowledge sharing to be maximized then division of labor, job enrichment, team building and so forth have to be conducted regularly (Murray, Poole Jones, 2005) some aspects of these are present at FedEx. FedEx corporate culture values hard work and rewards such appropriately. It also disregards discriminations and fosters equal opportunities for its employees in areas of promotion, transfer and recruitment. The hands off team oriented management style promote progressive and diversified work culture. Communication is a key strength for FedEx organization culture and regular surveys on employees’ views on the job are taken to monitor and modify areas of universal discontent. Notably, the employees at FedEx are highly experienced and skilled individuals. The culture therefore is based on letting employees be free agents who direct their jobs in their own direction. The management ensures that employees are proactive and take initiative to learn from mistakes of others. The employees are not reprimanded or penalized for slip-ups rather management takes the blunder as an opportunity to teach the rest. Most of the tasks done at FedEx are assigned to teams which are given sufficient power and authority to fulfill their responsibilities and be accountable for the results. Seemingly this is the reason behind the great success of FedEx. The benefit of the cultures present at FedEx is that the company is maintains its competitiveness amid intense competition from the competitors. Additionally, it deals with fewer conflicts, fewer staff turnover and enjoys increase in employees’ job satisfaction, higher performance less resistance to change, higher productivity and better customer service and so forth. The hindrances of this kind of organization culture are that it requires major investment in time and money. The management needs to be patient with employee mistakes which are most times costly. Additionally it is difficult to monitor this practice in the FedEx Company because of the large workforce and the busy schedules that the employees have. Conclusion The organizational culture at FedEx has both benefits and detrimental aspects although many are the benefits. In the competitive faced paced industry that FedEx operates their culture seem most fitting. Perhaps the only thing that I would improve is the hierarchal structure and the communication channels for free flow of information and faster decision making throughout the organization.

Fiscal Policies: Relationships between Housing and Economy

Fiscal Policies: Relationships between Housing and Economy The government uses two types of policies to evaluate economic activity and set interest rates in balance with inflation and deficiencies. It is a governmental orthodox that housing market play a significant role in the structuring the economic stability and causes inflation consequent of low prices. According to an economic research, rise in construction costs and uncertainty in housing investment is the real cause of two-third decrease in house construction cycles since 1970. Fiscal policy is used in evaluation of economic activity, to assess the level of taxation requirement, and establishing what fraction of taxation will be spent on public expenditure. There are two types of fiscal policy: expansionary and deflationary fiscal policy. Under the expansionary fiscal policy, the government aim is to encourage greater spending to boost the economy. Conversely, deflationary fiscal policy aim to assist in the reduction of inflation through decease in the level of economic demand. Fiscal policy is used by government as an instrument to control economics and to support monetary policy. Conversely, fiscal policy aims to preserve the growing of the economy along with the perseverance of low level of unemployment. In the event of excessive debt or deficiency, fiscal policy will face difficulty to operate accurately. Whereas, monetary police is used for assessing the supply of money and interest rates to achieve desired economic policy objectives. If the economy is in recession, the government would aim to boost economic activity, through expansionary monetary policy by reducing interest rates whereby growth of money supply will increase. Adversely, if there is a need for reduction in economic activity, due to fast growth causing inflation, the government will put in operation deflationary monetary policy to increase interest rates and reduce rate of growth in money supply. In broad terms, most of the problems adversely effecting the economy of Britain, over the last fifty years, have been led or influenced by housing market. To particular degree, there has been an unacceptable imbalances in the large demand for housing along with the limited supply of housing, consequent to the fluctuating housing market. In the contrary, the housing market remains strong, as alertness for economic recovery continues to be at the core of alleviation of the housing market, in parallel with the economy. A sudden increase in house prices came to a screaming peak in 19894. Subsequently, the economy halted and the interest rates increased dramatically to 15% to compensate for the rise in inflation and to shield the British currency. Escalation in net savings was triggered by the dramatic stagnation in house prices. In the event of continuous decline in house prices, the economy inevitably faces growth in recession in parallel with the anticipated decrease in lending. Substantially, this will result in a collapse of the economy, giving rise to increased levels of unemployment and economic diminution. Government is proposing new measures to increase the supply of housing, promote flexibility in the housing market, and streamline and simplify the planning regime. The interaction between housing and the economy is pervasive. Fluctuation of house prices, contribute significantly on consumersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ expenditure. The responsiveness of new housing construction to demand changes is weak. Fall in house prices attract construction then rise in prices; this is the factor which resulted in recent recession in construction. National Income is the total annual income of a state, consisting of employee wages and the profits of companies. Conversely, national income equates to the value of the output of all goods and services during the same period8. In wider terms, national income is valued by gross national product (GNP) which is the amount of a countrys total output subtracted by an allowance for replacement of ageing capital stock. The primary factors effecting the construction industry have been the rise in building materials, profitability of development, interest rates and the economic growth as opposed to land prices which had little effect on the number of new houses being built10. The evidence from a recent research of the house building cycle, have proved that private building activity such as building of offices, warehouses and shops operate relatively different and move in opposite direction to a house building cycles. Hence, this indicates the adverse reflection on new levels of housing caused by other private sector building crowding out house building. Inevitably, depreciation in one sector is inadvertently means withdrawal of supply from the other sector. Furthermore, the impulsiveness of construction costs renders it more competitive for house builders to challenge with other sectors, in parallel lines. The current situation is that overall national economic fluctuations appear to synchronise with the fluctuations in housing investments. Whereas, in early 1970s, the economy stabilised as the fluctuation in national economy did not coincide with the changes in housing investment. Adversely, there are other problems facing house building as we are running out of land suitable for new housing12 (Kelvin Hopkins the UK Parliament). Nevertheless, government is planning to tackle this recession in the economy caused by downturn in house building cycle. In effect, increase in housing investment effectively improves national income. Since the housing market is in the era of recession, the government got its hands full as it faces the reality of decline in national income. National income has faced a large decline as the house prices rise along with interest rates decreasing demand for house building market. According to relevant figures, since 1960, the UK has invested a lower proportion of its national income in housing than any other EU country. On the one hand of the spectrum, the governments goal to set high interest rates as a means of controlling inflation. On the other hand, this is clearly exposing prospective house investors to high interest rates which contributes to making the UK housing market much more volatile, which itself adds a potential volatility to the wider economy. In conclusion, it is the time of volatility for the house building market as the government stretch its legs to establish the exact fiscal and monetary policy for the development and stability of our economy. However, it is the house building cycle, which is paying a high price for the increased interest rates in mortgages, as public demand in the housing market is threaten by increased house prices. In Fact, there is no easy solution for this, expect from anticipation of interest cuts and reduction in cost of construction materials.

Rehabilitation Psychology Case Study

Rehabilitation Psychology Case Study Rehabilitation Psychology Case 2: Mary Lee was only 22 years old and was involved in a serious car accident 1 year ago. She sustained multiple fractures in her spine and has become a quadriplegic (C5 level). She is now wheelchair bound and needs to live with her parents (both nearly 60 years old). She is fully dependent for all her ADL and is pondering what to do with the rest of her life. She has always been proud of her good looks before and wanted to be a movie star. Now her boyfriend has left her and she is feeling very lonely and depressed. Leung Kar Ming, Kevin Word Count: 800 words Many victims of serious car accidents survived with impaired physical functions. Hong Kong record a high number of traffic accidents with more than 20,200 casualties per year1. Traffic accident (42.1%) is the most reported cause of spinal cord injury (SCI)2. In our case, Mary Lee is one of the unfortunate victims sustaining multiple fractures in her spine. Incomplete (30.1%) and complete (20.4%) quadriplegia are the most frequent categories of persons with SCI2. Less than 1% experienced complete neurologic recovery by hospital discharge2. There are seven factors affecting patients coping with SCI: personal resources, health-related factors, social physical context, cognitive appraisal, adaptive tasks, copping skills and health-related outcomes3. I. Personal resources These include self-efficacy (SE), self-esteem, sense of coherence (SOC), spirituality, optimism, intellect and other personality characteristics3,4. These factors are associated with positive coping, and are determinants of adjustment to long term outcomes4,5. Mary was a pretty girl and dreamed of becoming a movie star. The traffic accident took away her health, good looks, relationship and became wheelchair bounded. It is essential to help Mary regain a high SE, self-esteem and SOC. II. Health-related factors More than 50% of SCI patients suffer from chronic pain which significantly affects quality of life (QOL)3,4,8,9. Patients who experience more pain tend to catastrophize more and have a decreased mental health well-being. Psychological factors helps contribute to the relationship between pain intensity and depression8,9,10. Substance abuse, especially abuse of drugs prescribed for spasticity and pain, may contribute to further health problems8. In Mary’s case, it is very important that clinicians can provide effective pain control, and build a positive relationship with Mary to aid the effectiveness of the treatments. III. Social physical context After the injury, Mary became fully dependent on her parents. Her parents, at their retirement age, have to learn to provide support and adapt to their daughter’s functional limitation. Her boyfriend has left her making her very depressed. It is important that these social and physical contexts are addressed. Social context is the relationship, support and expectations of the significant others. Physical context focuses on accessibility, mobility, autonomy, as well as the personal space and privacy of the patient3,4. Finding of positive meaning in lives involves a continuous search for comfortable relationships between self, disability and society4,6,7,10. Encouraging engagement in social activities can work as a distraction technique to increase mood levels7,8. The burden of the caregiver should not be neglected. Care-giving burden is associated with locus of control, social support, and modes of coping. Caregivers also add to the discredit of self by making the injured person entirely dependent on them. Gaining independence from the caregiver is also a key to restoring competency in persons with SCI. Interventions should be tailored towards the needs of the care recipients as well as the caregivers. IV. Cognitive appraisal Cognitive appraisal is how an individual views a situation. Appraisals have a strong association with adjustment. It is important that focus on appraisal of the cause of injury is shifted to the appraisal of having an SCI. Such individuals were found to be well-adjusted psychologically. Visible disabilities affected Mary significantly. Assistance to help her regain her self-image, develop coping skills, making the best use of her remaining bodily function and adjustments of dealing with disability is important. V. Adaptive tasks Mainly focuses on how the individual adapts to the new situation and how they prepare for an uncertain future. Individuals, like Mary, should be encouraged to be able to make decisions on choices of care, commitment to achieving individual goals and sustain independence. Such individuals with SCI are more likely to engage in positive coping strategies. VI. Coping skills Engaging strategies includes self-control, social support, accepting responsibility, problem solving and positive appraisal, resulting in an internal locus of control. Total locus of control, sense of coherence, self-worth, hope, purpose in life and positive affect were consistently associated with greater QOL. Disengaging strategies, however, should be discouraged. These include denial, wish-fulfilling fantasy, self and other blame to SCI and substance abuse. Mary needs to overcome invisible barrier to social contacts. She learns to cope with environmental factors by enhancing functions of her arms and hands and learning wheelchair skills. VII. Health-related outcomes This is mainly the effects of the coping strategies. Also focus on the reduction of stress, emotion control, self-image, self-esteem and social relationship. The use of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can improve the psychosocial outcomes in individuals with SCI. The society is in high demand for clinicians to help patients to recover and resume their normal life activities. Interventions that promote coping and adjustment include: 1. physically, helping individuals on environmental adaptations, training on independent living skills and pain management; 2. psychologically, with the use of CBT and peer counseling; 3. socially, such as providing vocational rehabilitation, social engagement and family counseling. References Census and Statistics Department (2013). Hong Kong monthly digest of statistics. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center (U.S.) (2009). Spinal cord injury: The facts and fiqures. Birmingham, Ala: National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center (NSCISC). Martz, E, Livheh, H. (Eds.). (2007). Coping with chronic illness and disability: Theoretical, empirical, and clinical aspects. New York: Springer. Chapter 6. Peter C, MÃ ¼ller R, Cieza A, Geyh S. (2012) Psychological resources in spinal cord injury: a systematic literature review. Spinal Cord.;50(3):188-201. Review. Kilic SA, Dorstyn DS, Guiver NG. (2013) Examining factors that contribute to the process of resilience following spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord..;51(7):553-7. van Leeuwen CM, Post MW, Westers P, van der Woude LH, de Groot S, Sluis T, Slootman H, Lindeman E. (2012 ) Relationships between activities, participation, personal factors, mental health, and life satisfaction in persons with spinal cord injury.Arch Phys Med Rehabil.;93(1):82-9. Simpson G, Jones K. (2013) How important is resilience among family members supporting relatives with traumatic brain injury or spinal cord injury? Clin Rehabil.;27(4):367-77. Chevalier Z, Kennedy P, Sherlock O.(2009) Spinal cord injury, coping and psychological adjustment: a literature review. Spinal Cord.;47(11):778-82. Review. Putzke JD, Richards JS, Hicken BL, DeVivo MJ. (2002) Predictors of life satisfaction: a spinal cord injury cohort study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 83(4):555-61. Mehta S, Orenczuk S, Hansen KT, Aubut JA, Hitzig SL, Legassic M, Teasell RW;(2011) Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation Evidence Research Team. An evidence-based review of the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for psychosocial issues post-spinal cord injury. Rehabil Psychol.;56(1):15-25. Review.

Norman Rockwell Essay -- Art Rockwell Biographies Essays

Norman Rockwell Norman Percevel Rockwell was born on Feb. 3, 1894 in New York, New York. As a boy he grew fond of the country, where he moved to a few years after he was born, and stayed away from the city as much as he could, which would later be shown in his works (Buechner, Retrospective, 24). When he was 14, he had to commute to New York City twice a week to attend the Chase School of Fine and Applied Art. After awhile he dropped out of his sophomore year of high school, and became a full time student at The National Academy School (Buechner, Artist, 38). He illustrated his first Saturday Evening Post cover on May 20, 1916, which was his first big break. Norman Rockwell says, â€Å"If one wants to paint covers for the Post, one must begin by accepting certain limitations." The cover must please a vast number (no matter how: by amusing, edifying, praising; but it must please); it must not require an explanation or caption to be understood; it must have an instantaneous impact (people won’t bother to puzzle out a cover’s meaning)† (The Norman Rockwell Album, 29). More people have seen Rockwell’s work, mostly on the covers on the widely circulated Saturday Evening Post, more than all of Michelangelo’s, Rembrandt’s, and Picasso’s put together, estimated by Life magazine (Walton 7). Rockwell creates his pictures in separate stages. First he makes a loose rough draft of his idea. Second, he gathers costumes, props and models. Rockwell’s models are usually his friends, because he knows them and likes them (Walton 16). Later on in Rockwell’s lifetime he would stray away from using real models, he would use photographs to do this step instead. He would take either sketches or pictures and then paint them onto canvas. Next he draws individual parts of the picture. Fourth, he would sketch the whole drawing in great detail. Fifth, he would put color into his sketches, and sixth he would put all the parts together into the final painting (Buechner, Artist, 44). Rockwell used foreground invitation in many of his works. Foreground invitation means that the picture suggests that the viewer is entering the picture and into the scene. Rockwell’s subject matter is average America. For his first 30 years, he painted scenes of the country, childhood embarrassments, discomforts and humiliations (Buechner, .. ...early stages of childhood innocents, he told us the idealistic American Dream was and he persuaded us as a country to fight for what is right and protect our freedoms that our ancestors fought so hard for during World War II. Norman Rockwell had a style uniquely his own, his illustrations looking so real at times, that it looks like he had just photographed the image onto canvas. His style was so simple but told you everything you needed to know, this defined American art perfectly. This style was seen for the work he did in the Saturday Evening Post and different advertisements thorough his life. His work will be remembered always. Works Cited: Buechner, Thomas S. Norman Rockwell A Sixty Year Retrospective. New York: Harry N. Abrams Inc., 1972 Buechner, Thomas S. Norman Rockwell Artist and Illustrator. New York: Harry N. Abrams Inc., 1970 Rockwell, Norman The Norman Rockwell Album. Garden City: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1961 Walton, Donald A Rockwell Portrait. Kansas City: Sheed Andrews and McMeel Inc., 1978 Meyer, Susan E. Norman Rockwell’s World War II Impressions From the Homefront. USAA foundation, 1991

THE FORMAL PAPER :: writing

THE FORMAL PAPER An Overview The analytical paper can take many forms depending on the discipline for which you are writing the paper. As well, the bibliographic and footnote/parenthetical reference format you use will be different for English and Spanish papers. Please discuss the format of your paper, including bibliographic references, with your teacher BEFORE you get started. The following will provide you with an overview of a generic analytical essay, and, on the back, some sample portions of a student essay: IN GENERAL The analytical essay is generally three parts. All classical essays choose an existing controversy within a particular field to investigate. The focus of the paper is to defend one side in this controversy. Your statement of opinion, stating which side you will be defending, is called the Thesis Statement. The Thesis is defended by using specific arguments, which will be developed in the different sections of your paper (see below) and supported by specific support from the sources you acquire through your investigation. As well please keep in mind the following: "  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the paper should always be written in third person; "  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the paper should always be written in present tense; "  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  avoid unsubstantiated (and inflammatory or dramatic) opinion; "  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  do not refer to the process of writing the paper in the paper; "  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  clearly proofread. PART ONE The first part of the paper is your introduction. You should begin with a broad statement which refers to your topic and then narrow to the specifics of your particular focus. Next you offer any relevant background information and define any specific terminology that you may use in the paper. This is also the time to introduce and define your arguments without specifically referring to any support from the texts. Finally, you should conclude this paragraph with your Thesis Statement which also includes your main arguments. (i.e. Hence, The Scarlet Letter is a romance novel because it contains a strong sense of beauty in the world, a vivid imagination that can construct fantastic dream worlds, an interest in ancient legends and traditions, and a deep sympathy with obscure or humble people.) This section is only one paragraph; however, it is vital to the development and understanding of your paper. Please note, however, that you should begin your research with a Thesis Statement but you will be modifying it as your research and understanding of the controversy unfolds. PART TWO The second part of your paper is the body of the paper. Here you will be presenting the arguments you have which defend your Thesis Statement and the research which supports those arguments.

Communication and crisis Essay

The paper focuses on essential communication in the community crisis situation described in the provided scenario. The paper includes the following: The individuals or groups that will be communicating inside and outside the organization during this crisis situation Potential advantages and challenges associated with communicating within the organization and with the public and private sectors during this crisis situation Differences in communication processes used in crisis situations, including what you learned from the situations in the scenario and how you might incorporate that knowledge to improve health care communication strategies Appropriate technology, such as social media, affecting communication during the crisis situation and how these technologies may be used to enhance communication How technology might be used differently now than it was during the crisis situations described in the scenario Media opportunities during this management crisis The paper cites a minimum of three sources, one from the University Library and another from the course textbooks or Electronic Reserve Readings, to support the paper’s position. Additional Comments: The paper—including the title page, reference page, tables, and any appendices—is consistent with APA guidelines as directed by the facilitator. The paper is laid out with effective use of headings, font styles, and white space. Rules of grammar, usage, and punctuation are followed; spelling is correct.

Imperialistic Africa Essay

During the 19th century of the Industrial Age, many European nations (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain, and Britain) sought for a source for raw material and a market for manufactured goods in Africa. This economic motivation helped drive the Scramble for Africa. The Scramble for Africa [1885-1910] was when many European nations competed for colonies in Africa. To take control of these regions, the European powers came up with the Treaty of Berlin. This stated that they would not sell firearms to Africa; which resulted in Europeans having a monopoly on guns in Africa. However, although it stated that they would not sell firearms to Africa making it easier to take it over, it also stated that they would suppress slavery. During the Scramble for Africa, or the imperialism imposed in Africa, there were great contributions that ultimately modernized Africa, as well as, bad influences, such as the carving of Africa without the influence of the traditional tribal boundaries, causing tribalism and civil wars. Many modernizing contributions were in medicine and education. The British built hospital and schools in Africa. They also contributed to putting an end to the slave trade. The access to basic medical care and education were, therefore, due to British intervention. This boost in medical care also heightened many African life spans. Also, some Africans were even allowed to have a western education rather than just basic education. Also, eventually, Britain allowed the African colonies to vote for power, realizing that the only way for safety in Africa was to rule with the people. This eventually concluded with many African nations liberating themselves from British control and becoming an independent nation, such as Republic of Congo (1958), and Tanzania (1964), Although there were some contributions that helped to modernize Africa, there were also many harmful effects from the imperialism of Africa, such as the methods they used to take control of some regions. In other cases, there was not a clear understanding of what the treaties were about or what the consequences of them would be. Secondly, military force was used in some cases when there was a large amount of resistance to colonial rule. Unit Two: Studying Africa through the Social Studies] This suggested that sometimes European nations would use brute force to impose their authority over the native people. For example, during the Battle of Rorke’s Drift, 3,000 to 4,000 Zulu warriors were killed for their land. This left only a remnants of a once strong tribe of warriors. This demonstrates how military force was used in some cases when there was a large amount of resistance to colonial rule. Also, according to The White Man’s Burden, by Rudyard Kipling, many native people did not like European imperialism. For example, in the 1st stanza 4th line, he states,† To serve your captives’ need† This illustrates how many natives thought themselves like prisoners. In another line, he states, â€Å"To seek another’s profit, and work another’s gain. † This demonstrates how rather than how Europeans said they came to protect them by signing the treaty; they actually used the colonies raw materials to help fuel their own economy. A major long-term negative effect that still affects Africa today are the arbitrary political boundaries which European nations established. The European nations never thought about the traditional tribal boundaries. This results with several different tribes in one nation that may feel ill towards one another causing civil wars and power struggles within national governments. For example, the 2nd Congo War involved eight African nations, as well as about 25 armed groups. By 2008 the war and its aftermath had killed 5. 4 million people, mostly from disease and starvation. By the turn of the 21st century, the economy of many African nations was suffering. They were battered by rapid population growth, declining export earnings, foreign debt, drought, floods, and civil war. The average African household consumed 20% less than it had in the 1950s. The continent’s birthrates and mortality rates were the highest in the world. More than half of all foreign aid was consumed by debt service. In addition, over 73% of the more than 40 million people infected with HIV (see AIDS) in 2002 lived in Africa; 30% or more of the populations of Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe were infected. Nevertheless, Africa largely escaped the financial turbulence that engulfed much of the rest of the world in the late 1990s and again in the early 21st century. [Africa, History of (II)] Because of the imperialism of Africa, many European countries have become powerful nations filled with wealth and prosperity and Africa now have many schools and hospitals. Many Africans can now go to school and get an education and may even one day start businesses. However, the negative aftermaths of European Imperialism on Africa has greatly affected its nations. Because of the long-term political borders dividing Africa, there are many civil wars killing millions of lives and spreading disease. Although Europe brought schools and hospitals, it does not make up for all the lives that could have been saved if the European nations had just considered the traditional boundaries rather than for their own profit. Even the education and health care were not substantial. They were the most basic forms of education and health care. Only very few were allowed to have western education. Therefore, overall there weren’t many positive impacts for the African people from European Imperialism.

Marketing and Variable Cost Variances Essay

(a) Refer to the Kinkead templates provided on the unit website. Template (A) calculates the market size, market share, sales mix, sales price and variable cost variances for each product and, Template (B) calculates the market size, market share, sales price, and variable cost variances for each product. Which analysis is most appropriate for Kinkead? A or B? Give reasons. Templete (b) What strategy is electric meters and electric instruments pursuing? ‘Dog’, ‘Cash cow’, ‘Star’, or ‘Question mark’. Analysing the relationship between the BCG matrix and the product of Kinkead, market share and market growth are the considerable reason to measure. Kinkead’s products are grouped into two main product lines which are electric meters(EM) and electric instruments(EI). First, for the EM product, according to template, the variance of the size of the market is unfavorable, the size of the market because their budget is 800000, but the actual market size of 650000, it does not implement the expectations. The EM market share difference to 0, with 10% constant of the actual and budgeted position, it will not change. Therefore, they are a cash cow. Therefore, EM is the Cash Cow. Additionally, the Kinkead has been a leading Australia firm, and EM is the older but still dominant technology. Followed by EI table EI of the variance of the size of the market for 374,464 budgets, the size of the market for 250,000, lower than the actual market size of 363,500, more than expected. The market share variance is 241,321 Unfavorable which has decrease from 10% to 8%. Therefore, EI is question mark. In addition, EI’s future is uncertain, because from the case it says EI technology is new and still experimental. (c) What aspects of performance are important for a product pursuing each of those strategies and which variances reflect those aspects of performance? (d) Critically evaluate the performance of the two divisions.

Nike Incorporation

Nike is a world class company that manufactures and markets a wide large of sports equipments such as sports, balls, t-shirts, tracks, uniforms for various sporting activities such as football, basketball, athletics, cricket, tennis and golf. The company was in incorporated in the year 1968 in the state of Oregon, it main business being to design and manufacture the best foot wear and other accessory products. But, Nike has grown to be a world class company that sells well branded and expensive products that are well known for their high quality. Nike trademark of â€Å"just do it† is well known, and it relates to the sporting spirit. The company has more than 500 plants in more than 45 countries.[1] Nike did not experience much competition until in 1980s and 90s when Reebok and European counterparts Adidas and Puma entered the market. But Reebok was purchased by Adidas in 2006 thus Adidas is the one giving Nike competition. Nike has been the main player on the footwear market until then, the company controlled about 30% of the United States market, Reebok enjoyed about 20% followed by other companies like Adidas and Puma. Nikes abroad sales went up to $2 billion by 1995 and were leading by having 40% of total sales in footwear. [2] The marketing strategy of Nike has been the biggest success of the company. Nike has premium brands, and offers the market high quality and expensive products. The company creates a brand image which is achieved by the unique logo of a (tick) and a slogan of â€Å"just do it† which attracts lots of customers. The company also does promotional activities of its products by entering into sponsorship deals with world class football stars, celebrity athletes, national teams, and also college athletic. Nevertheless Nike has mixed it marketing strategies and has more elements more than promotion.   This other elements are; competitive price, wide range of products, numerous outlets and retailers (more than 20,000), sponsorship and promotion activities. Currently, Nike has a market share of around 37% in the world. The main objective of Nike is to become a leading sport equipment manufacturer in the world and maintain these standards in future. The major client base is the youth and the young adults who mainly buy the sports products from the company. The company has put a lot of attention on products for men, women, and children, and their children’s shoes are now doing very well on the market currently.   The company has created more market by venturing into various market segments and manufacturing more various products. To achieve its objective of being the leader in market business the company is exploiting new markets outside Europe. Nike has also managed to control its market by acquiring other small companies and turning them to manufacture their products. Like in 1998 it’s purchased Cole Hann which was making informal dress and shoes for $180 and cached a base of young people and their sales went up at 23% making a profit of $ 100 millions in 1998. Nike has continued to improve in its brand and marketing and its objective of being â€Å"the greatest sports and fitness company in the world† alongside world class companies like Coca-Cola. Nike gets contracts with individual clients, cooperate clients and even countries and states. The company supplies to them different products, they can be football uniform for a national team, tracksuits for national athletic teams or even tailor made shoes or uniform for specific football stars such as Ranaldhno of Brazil. [3]The market is divided in various segments which can be viewed according to the region There have been many challenges faced by Nike on the marketing side and Nike has done a lot of to recapture the market. These initiatives that Nike undertook was such as creating an ACG (all- conditions gear) unit and Techlab which was meant to market a brand of sports technology products. Such like digital audio player and waist compass these projects were meant to capture sales. In the beginning of 1999 Nike launched its products on the internet and they were directly available to the customers. Nike has continued to expand its market and with a strong marketing team lead by Mr. Perez who has vast experience, the company in 2004, posted profits of more than $1 billion. [4] The company has a high team of human resources managers who are responsible for building a workforce which is effective and efficient. This managers build teams develop the necessary talents that are seriously needed by the organization to perform their duties. The managers also inspire, mentor, set examples, innovate and revolutionize all the employees in order to achieve the best from them. The employees also attend refresher courses seminars and training to keep them in touch with new market trends and technological advancements. In general the public attitude towards the company is good, but the people of Beaverton where the company feel that it should be annexed fro where its headquarters are in Oregon State. But the company feels that the annexing will cost it $700,000 every year in terms of added taxes. The company objective is achieved through proper marketing and advancement in technology by creating high quality products and designing better management approaches to maintain the market. Another aspect the company has done is to create better working conditions and customer relationships as from 2002 Nike addressed the issues of employees exploitations and carried out random company inspections to check the working conditions of its employment. [5] Nike has training programmers to train its employees and advance them with the current market needs. Another thing that the company is involvement in is to improve its company image by getting involved in corporate social responsibilities. The company thus contributions to charities organizations and also organizes social activities for the society, and sponsors individuals and persons. This has greatly improved its image. Nike is also one of the most environmental friendly companies. And this has a very positive image in the eyes of the public which has become much environmental aware. Conclusion Nike is a big organization that commands a large market in the world. It is apparent that to maintains such a market by investing a lot in marketing and research so that it can satisfy its customers and keep up with new trends on the market. Better management skills and quality products are the main ingredient for success for any company. Many obstacles in marketing and management come up to challenge the company including stiff competition. But it is clear that with well and timely adjustments in marketing and advancement in technology and being to be innovative the company has managed to capture and maintain its markets. Therefore for any company to remain profitable and impressive its must embrace prudent management and better technology. References Collingwood, H. (1988): Nike Rushes in Where Reebok Used to Tread; Business Week, October 3, p. 42. Holmes, S. and Christine, T. (2002): How Nike Got Its Game Back; Business Week, November 4, pp. 129-31. Jenkins, H. W. (1998): The Rise and Stumble of Nike; Wall Street Journal, June 3,                [1] Jenkins, H. W. (1998): The Rise and Stumble of Nike;   Wall Street Journal, June 3, [2] Collingwood, H. (1988): Nike Rushes in Where Reebok Used to Tread; Business Week, October 3, p. 42. [3] Collingwood, H. (1988): Nike Rushes in Where Reebok Used to Tread; Business Week, October 3, p. 42. [4] Holmes, S. and Christine, T. (2002): How Nike Got Its Game Back; Business Week, November 4, pp. 129-31. [5] Collingwood, H. (1988): Nike Rushes in Where Reebok Used to Tread; Business Week, October 3, p. 42.

Shamel and Calcium

Part per million Total Dissolved Solid Membrane area Pressure in the feed, retentate and permeate streams 1. Introduction The concepts of â€Å"osmosis† and â€Å"reverse osmosis† have been known for many years. Studies on osmosis were carried out as early as 1748 by the French scientist Nollet. Many researches reported on reverse osmosis system and desalination of seawater, Most of them using hollow fiber or spiral wound membrane in their research [1].Effects of different operating parameters (feed water concentration, temperature, pressure and flow rate) on membrane performance were examined using RO system [2]. Sensitivity of different design parameters (internal diameter, total number of tubes) on the recovery ratio was also studied [3]. Besides predicting the performance of RO membrane, several models for mass transport in membrane have been developed such as solution-diffusion model, models from irreversible thermodynamics, etc. [4 and 5].Simulation and optimizati on of various RO membrane, study on concentration polarization in RO system and many case study on existing plant was reported. Although many studies were conducted on reverse osmosis membrane, tubular membrane was rarely investigated. This study is aimed at investigating the tubular RO module. The performance of this membrane on different operating parameters has been examined and the best operating condition of RO system with the best permeate quality were utilised to produce drinking water from seawater. 2. Chemicals and Methods The feed stock for reverse osmosis system is the seawater.

Two characters analysis in Packer's Geese Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Two characters analysis in Packer's Geese - Essay Example She finds it difficult to trust anyone unconditionally and she is suspicious about everything. The scene for Dina shifts to Tokyo in this story. She lives with a group of young people who are jobless in Tokyo. They face slow starvation, and reach a situation where they share in one grapefruit and banana between five people. â€Å"The all-knowing arrogance of youth† is subdued by hunger. How small issues can take the grim turn—Dina alienates her roommates by eating the last slice of grapefruit. The thematic ploy in this story is â€Å"Asian prejudice against blacks.† The compulsions of living life in odd circumstances, when empty stomach leaves very harsh choices for survival—and Dina prostitutes herself to a Japanese sarariman, the men who liked to proposition black girls, because â€Å"Verry chah-ming daaark-ku skin. â€Å"What the story tells us through Dina is, the important aspect of life is the process through which one lives it. Success and failure s are but incidental factors, the reality of life is one’s approach to the struggles. In this story one finds the older, experienced Dina, from what she was in the story ‘Drinking Coffee Elsewhere.† She is in Tokyo with young company with persons like Ari, Petra, Zoltan etc. Being unable to find work through the normal channels, she invents a trick to eat and pay the rent. â€Å"She left with a wad of yen. While riding the tokkyuu she watched life pass, alert employees returning to work, uniformed children on a field trip. It all passed by — buildings, signs, throngs of people everywhere." — Ayesha Court. ‘Geese’ continues the somber mood, but with an almost surreal edge to it and a host of memorable if not necessarily fully-realized characters. â€Å"The store manager, a nervous Japanese man in his forties, brought her to Zoltan, telling him, in smiling, broken English, to keep her at home"(p.203) is the second important character in the story,

A Discussion of the Marketing Concept and the Implementation of those Essay

A Discussion of the Marketing Concept and the Implementation of those Concepts - Essay Example Music in the Macro-Environment 8 3.1 Evolving forms of Listening 8 4. Final Thoughts 11 4.1 Bagozzi’s Ideas on Transactional Exchange 11 4.2 Conclusion 13 References 14 Marketing and the macro-environment: A discussion of the marketing concept and the implementation of those concepts. 1. Introduction The development of a macro-environment has meant that the field of marketing has had to expand its methods and beliefs as the meanings of consumerism have shifted to a global field of engagement. While a global state of business means that there are more opportunities, it also means that the competition is increased through innovation and local brands that may have an advantage over an international company originating out of foreign lands. Through using concepts and ideas that directly engage the issues that arise when entering into a new market, marketing becomes defined by those issues and the ways they lend towards engaging the consumer in a variety of environments. Marketing involves a series of elements that introduce the consumer to needs in relationship to social expectations. In addition, marketing is involved in the selling of not only tangible ideas, but intangible concepts such as political ideologies, universities, communities, and performers. Exchange becomes defined by the various environments that are involved in marketing. The actors within an exchange are involved in a wider variety of interests within the environments where the macro-environment is concerned. In addition the relationships between the actors is far more complex as barriers between people, in relationship to law, and in relationship to differences in traditions must be navigated in order to appropriately navigate the stream from sales to customer. As the macro-environment influences changes in marketing, it is essential to discuss Bragozzi’s interpretation of exchange. Exchange is defined by Bragozzi using generalities that have relevance, but require some expansion a s popular culture has increased; the consumerist attitude has enveloped society, and as the macro-environment has required a more extensive explanation of exchange. 2. Key Developments and Marketing Responses 2.1 Marketing Marketing is the creation of activities that facilitate the exchange in a consumer context. The idea of exchange is developed through the equality that is created through assigning value and giving one thing of a specific value in exchange for something that represents the same value. The most common example is the exchange of money for goods and services, the goods and services being assigned a specific value that is reflected in a monetary figure. Actual value and social value are often two different ideas. As discussed by Bragozzi, often one part of the exchange or both parts will have negative impact, thus creating an inequality in the exchange. Marketing is the creation of what might be termed as an environment around a product. The environment around a produ ct has its own identity, a culture and belief system through which the product is presented to the consumer. Marketing invites the consumer, through exchange, to become a part of that culture through ownership. 2.2 Key Concepts in Marketing One of the key ideas that are central to marketing is that designing for a product or of a product is central to creating the need that promotes purchase. Creativity is the cornerstone of design, where visuals and text must be in concern with one another in order to have impact. In addition, the culture that is created around the product is a core of how the design must convey the message. Design is developed through a series of elements that come together to convey the most powerful message possible. Within that message is an attempt to convince the